Information Please Almanac Atlas and Yearbook 1981

Tartalom

INTRODUCTION
9
SPECIAL FEATURES
American Religious Pluralism by Paul Anthony Schwartz 10
Islam-Culture C/ash with the West by Don Shannon 13
ELECTION OF 1980
Presidential Campaign Highlights • How the House of Representatives Elects a President • The
Democratic Platform • The Republican Platform • Democratic and Republican Presidential and VicePresidential Candidate Biographies • Presidential Election of 1980 • The Ninety-Seventh Congress
• The Governors of the Fitty States
CURRENT EVENTS 30
What Happened in 1979-80 • The Courts • Crime and Violence • Disasters • Economy, Business, and
Labor • Education • Energy • Entertainment and Culture • Environment • Health and Medicine •
International Affairs • National Government and Politics • People, Places, and Things • Religion •
Science • Sports • State and Local Governments • Women • Year's Top Trivia • Deaths
ASTRONOMY 419
Astronomical Terms and Constants • Origin of the Universe • Brightest Stars • Data for Sun, Moon,
and Planets • Comets, Meteors, and Meteorites • 88 Recognized Constellations • Telescopes •
Phenomena of 1981 • Phases of the Moon, 1981 • Eclipses, 1981 • Perigee and Apogee of the
Moon, 1981 • Planets at Perihelion and Aphelion, 1981 • Conjunctions of Mercury, 1981
AVIATION 469
Famous Firsts • Records • Busiest Airports • Hijackings • U.S. Transport and Air Force Planes • Hours
and Earnings in Aircraft Industries
AWARDS 528
Nobel Prizes • National Book Critics' Circle Awards • Oscars • Other Academy Awards • Peabody
Awards • Pulitzer Prizes • Tony Awards • Sigma Delta Chi Awards • Fermi Awards • New York Drama
Critics' Circle Awards • American Library Association Awards • Poets Laureate • Presidential Medál
of Freedom • Grammy Awards • Templeton Foundation Prize
BUSINESS AND THE ECONOMY 53
A Basic Guide to Economic Statistics by Jack M. Pompán • The U.S. Economy in 1980 by Monté J.
Gordon • Employment and Unemployment • Consumer Price Indexes • Personal and Family Income
• Gross National Product • Price and Production Indexes • New Construction • Stock Markét • Largest
Corporations • National Labor Unions • Occupations • Labor • Government Spending • Social Welfare
Costs • Foreign Aid • Freight and Passenger Traffic • Waterborne Commerce • Automobile Production
• Exports and Imports • Balance of Payments • Agriculture
CALENDAR AND HOLIDAYS 433
1980, 1981, 1982 Calendars • Perpetual Calendar • History of the Calendar • Names of the Days
and Months • Holidays, 1981 • U.S. Legal Holidays • Movable Holidays, 1981 -1989 • World Holidays
CANADA 304
Area • Governors General and Prime Ministers • Population • Government • Provinces and Territories
• House of Commons • Trading Partners • Holidays • Flag and Mottos • Museums and Other
Institutions • Growth Statistics • Consumer Price Index • Labor Force • Temperature and Precipitation
• Distance Between Cities • School Statistics • Awards
COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD 142
Freedom in the World: The Criteria of Freedom and Comparative Survey of Freedom from Freedom
House • Seven-Year Record of the Survey • Levels of Political Terror • Treaties, Agreements, and
Organizations • Countries by Geographical and Political Groupings • Countries from Afghanistan to
Zimbabwe-Rulers, Area, Population, Capitals, and Largest Cities, Monetary Units, Religions, Geography, Government, History, Current Events, Economy
6 Contents
EDUCATION 780
The Year in Education by William W. Turnbull • What Do the Scores Mean? • Testing Dictionary •
Degrees • Academic Costume • Medieval and Modern Universities • Enrollment • Federal Aid •
Attendance Laws • High School and College Graduates • Public School Statistics • University Libraries
• Endowments • Degrees Conferred • Faculty and Enrollment of Institutions of Higher Education •
Community, Junior, and Technical Colleges • Senior Colleges and Universities
ENERGY 356
Energy in 1980 • A Primer on Solar Energy • U.S. Energy Supply and Disposition • Per Capita Electric
Energy Consumption • World Production, Trade, and Consumption • Petroleum Imported from OPEC
• Production of Crude Petroleum by Countries • U.S. Nuclear Power Plants • Motor Vehicle Fuel
Consumption
ENTERTAINMENT AND CULTURE 828
The Year in Ciassica! Music by Jacob Stern • The Year in Popular Music by Clive Davis • Dance by
Larry White • Top Artists and Recordings for 1979 • Radio and TV Statistics • Emmy Awards • Longest
Running Piays • Top Money-Making Films • Notable Books • Major Symphony Orchestras • Public
Libraries • Glossary of Art Movements • Museums
ENVIRONMENT 658
1980 Environmental Quality Index • Endangered Species • Sources of Information • Sources of
Pollution • Poilution Abatement and Environmental Quality Expenditures • World's Water Supply •
Speed of Animals • Animál Groups by Name • Animál Gestation, Incubation, and Longevity • Famous
Zoological Gardens • American Zoos • National Parks
FIRST AID 669
Treatment for Burns, Poisons, Shock • Cardiac Pulmonary Resuscitation • Heimlich Maneuver
GEOGRAPHY 492
Exploration and Discoveries • Continents • Volcanoes • Caves and Caverns • Mountain Peaks •
Oceans and Seas • Lakes • Rivers • Waterfalls • Islands • Deserts • U.S. Coastlines • Highest and
Lowest Points in U.S. • Mason and Dixon's Line • U.S. Mountain Peaks • Principal U.S. Rivers •
Longitude and Latitude of Cities
GREAT DISASTERS 487
Earthquakes, Volcanic Eruptions, and Floods From A.D. 79 to the Present • Storms • Fires and
Explosions • Shipwrecks • Aircraft Accidents • Railroad Crashes • Miscellaneous Disasters
GUIDE TO GROWING OLDER 715
A Preview ofthe 1981 White House Conference on Aging by Barry Robinson • U.S. Population by Age
• Characteristics of the 6 5-and-Older Person • Income • Health • Employment • Marital Status • Living
Arrangements • Pension • Transportation • Crime • Sources of Help and Information • Myths and
Truths about Aging • Social Security • Medicare • Supplemental Security Income • Unemployment
Insurance • State Unemployment Compensation • Medicare Program • Medicaid Services
HEADLINE HISTORY 103
Chronology of People, Places, and Events From 4500 B.C. to the Present
MAPS - 496
Canada: The Provinces • United States • Europe • Central America and the West Indies • South
America • Middle East • Africa • China • Western Pacific • Central Asia • Major Oil Producing Countries
• Ancient Empires • The Moon • World Time Zones
MEDIA 642
U.S. Daily Newspapers • U.S. and Canadian Magazines • Newspaper Circulation
MILITARY 395
Armed Forces Personnel and History • Service Academies • National Guard • Pay and Allowances
• Veterans' Benefits • Highest Ranking Officers • Outlays • U.S. Military Actions • Casualties • Defense
Budget • Military Sales to Foreign Governments • Arms Exports and Imports • U.S. Military Strength
• Insignia and Ranks
NUTRmON AND HEALTH 93
New Dietary Guidelines for Americans • Weight Tables • Physicians, Dentists, and Nurses • Health
Care Costs • Hospitál Facilities • Daily Dietary Allowances • Communicable Diseases • Calories,
Minerals, and Vitamins
PEOPLE 552
Famous Personalities of Past and Present
POSTAL REGULATIONS 465
Domestic and International Mail Service and Rates • UN Stamps • Money Order Fees • 2-Letter State
Abbreviations
RELIGION 445
Speciat Feature: Islam-Cultural Clash with the West, p. 10 • Speciaí Feature: America's Religious
Pluralism, p. 13 • Membership and History of Major Religions • Leading Religious Groups in the U.S.
• U.S. Church Membership • Popes • Antipopes
SCIENCE 365
Science in 1980 • Tables of Geological Periods • Chemical Elements • Atomic Energy • Scientific
Inventions, Discoveries, and Theories
SPACE „ 383
The Yearin Space • Major U.S. Space Projects • Unmanned Planetary and Lunar Programs • Manned
Flights • Unmanned Lunar and Planetary Probes • Major Soviet Space Projects
SPORTS 844
Personalities • The O/ympics: Contest, Crisis, and Controversy • The 1980 Olympic Games • Terminology • Awards • Hall of Fame • Athletic Conferences • College Colors and Nicknames • Organizations and Information Bureaus • 1980 World Series • Records and Champions, from Archery to
Yachting
STRUCTURES 343
Seven Wonders of the World • Famous Structures • Highest Dams • Largest Hydroelectric Plants
• Notable Tunnels and Bridges • Tallest U.S. Buildings • Largest Dams
TAXES 648
By Touche Ross & Co. • History of the Income Tax • Internál Revenue Service: Auditing and Selecting
Returns, Appeals • Federal Individual Income Tax • Legislation • Rate Table • Returns Filéd and
Examined • Corporation and Franchise Taxes • Estate and Gift Taxes • State Sales and Use Taxes
• Income and Sales Tax Rates in Selected Cities
TRAVEL 322
Information for Air Travelers: Refunds, Lost Tickets, Bumping, Baggage, Smoking, Complaining •
Industry Statistics • Expenditures • Price Index for Domestic Travel • U.S. Travel to Foreign Countries
• Passport and Customs Information • Medical Help • Weather in Tourist Cities • Information Sources
for Travel • State and City Tourism Offices • Presidential Homes and Libraries-Museums • Currency
Exchange • Travel Phone U.S.A.
UNITED NATIONS 351
Members • Budget Assessments • Headquarters • Charter Preamble • Secretariat • General Assembly • Security Council • Court of Justice • Agencies
U.S. HISTORY & GOVERNMENT 575
Declaration of Independence • Constitution • Mayflower Compact • Monroe Doctrine • Order of
Presidential Succession • The Star-Spangled Banner • The Emancipation Proclamation • Confederate
States • Gettysburg Address • Early Congresses • History of the Flag • Statistical History of U.S.
• Washington Monument • Capitol • Biographies of the Presidents • Vice-Presidents • Burial Places
of the Presidents • Wives and Children of the Presidents • How a President is Nominated and Elected:
Political Conventions, Electoral College • National Committee Chairmen • Facts About Elections •
Presidential Elections • Estimated Population of Voting Age • Qualifications for Voting • Plurality and
Majority • Electoral Vote • Characteristics of Voters • Unusual Voting Results • Cabinet Members
• Supreme Court Justices • Federal Judiciary • Congress • Salaries of Top Officials • Executive
Departments and Agencies
8 Contents
U.S. SOCIETIES & ASSOCIATIONS 459
U.S. STATES & CITIES 671
The Fitty States • Puerto Rico • Guam • Non-Self-Governing Areas • Micronesia • Terms and Salaries
of State Officiais • Largest Cities of U.S.
U.S. STATISTICS 784
Population: Census Projection, Metropolitan Areas, Race, States, Cities • Immigration • Marriage and
Divorce • Births and Deaths • Expectation of Life • Mortality Rates • Motor Vehicle Laws • Family
Characteristics
WEATHER AND CLIMATE 412
Extremes of Climate • Tropical Storms and Hurricanes • Climate of U.S. Cities • Wind-Chill Factors
• Weather Glossary • Tornados • North Atlantic Hurricanes
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 374
Metric and U.S. Equivalents • Miscellaneous Units of Measure • Cooking Measurements • Conversion
Factors • Fahrenheit and Celsius Conversion Formulas • Román Numerals • Mean and Medián
WHERE TO FIND OUT MORE 477
WORLD STATISTICS 127
Area and Population of Countries • Largest Cities • Life Expectancy • Birth and Death Rates • Suicide
Rates • Cost of Living • Exports and Imports • Consumer Prices • Production: Energy, Petroleum, Coal,
Steel, Iron Ore, Grains, Meat, Sugár • Communications
WRITER'S GUIDE 479
Punctuation, Capitalization, Abbreviation • Forms of Address
MISCELLANEOUS FACTS
Alcohol and Accidents, p. 827 • Arlington National Cemetery, 700 • Assassinations, 714 • Be Wary
of Gas Gadgets, 357 • Birthstones, 486 • Buying Wood for Home Heating, 359 • Changing Family,
827 # Contributions to Charitable Organizations, 656 • Department of Defense Hotline, 410 •
Designs of U.S. Currency, 382 • Door-to-Door Sales Regulations, 827 • Educational Discrimination,
783 • Enforcing of Civil Rights, 464 • EPA Fuel Economy, 574 • Figures and Legends in American
Folklore, 714 • Firsts in America, 713 • First Land Vehicle to Break Sound Barrier, 475 • Foreign
Study, 656 • Freedom of Information, 783 • Growth of Social Security Taxes, 630 • Highest Tax
Burdens, 652 • How a Bili Becomes Law, 629 • Labors of Hercules, 444 • Major U.S. Fairs and
Expositions, 551 • Malaria Warning for Travelers, 336 • Measuring Earthquakes, 495 • New Hourly
Minimum Wage Benefits Millions, 132 • New Rabies Vaccine, 670 • Selected CB 10-Codes, 464
• Student Loans, 743 • The Pony Express, 468 • The Statue of Liberty, 700 • Traditional and Modern
Anniversary Gitt Lists, 476
INDEX
The Comprehensive Index lists in alphabetical order all the important topics, terms, and names
covered and gives the page or pages on which they appear. • To find a fact, date, or idea, begin by
looking under the most specific word. For example, to find the population of Des Moines, start by
looking for Des Moines. But that city is not listed separately. Therefore, the next step is to look under
lowa or Cities, U.S. Under lowa the designated page gives the latest population of Des Moines. Under
Cities, U.S. there is a subhead, Population figures, with three alternatives: Largest Cities of U.S. (of
which Des Moines is not one), Largest by state (which refers back to lowa ), and 1920-1970 (where
Des Moines is listed alphabetically). • For President George Washington, look under Washington,
before checking President. Where generál headings (such as Presidents, U.S. ) are given, they refer
to a section where the subject is treated at somé length.

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