The Road to Serfdom

Tartalom

CONTENTS
page
introduction
Chapter I. The Abandoned Road 8
Humán will has made the world what it is-The individualistic basis
of modern civilisation-Líberalism not a stationary creed-But it has
not been allowed to develop and was abandoned-Germany as the
leader in the new departure.
Chapter II. The Great Utópia . . . . . .18
The socialist promise of a new liberty-Change in the meaning of
the word liberty-The renewed apprehensions-The utópia of democratic socialism.
Chapter III. Individualism and Collectivism ... 24
The meaning of socialism-The meaning of " planning "-The
alternative to a directed economy not laissez fairé but a rational framework for competition-Combinations of central direction and competition inferior to either system.
Chapter IV. The " Inevitability " of Planning . . 32
Competition not made impossible by technological changes-The
causes of the growth of monopolies-New problems created by
technological changes-Technological possibilities that cannot be
realised under competition-The demand for planning largely a result
of the narrow view of the speciálist.
Chapter V. Democracy and Planning 42
Central direction of economic activity presupposes a comprehensive
common code of values-Individual and social ends-Agreement on
methods and disagreement on ends-As the scope of state action
extends, the possibility of agreement diminishes-The illusion of
democratic " control "-Freedom and not democracy the ultimate
value.
Chapter VI. Planning and the Rule of Law ... 54
The Rule of Law-Formai and substantive rules-The rationale of
the Rule of Law-The conflict between formai and substantive equality
-The new threat to the Rule of Law-The Rule of Law and the Rights
of Man.
Chapter VII. Economic Control and Totalitarianism 66
Political and economic freedom-The contempt for the merely
economic-Control over production gives control over consumption-
Planning and the choice of occupation-Orders and prohibitions the
only alternative to the price system-The myth of plenty-The unprecedented extent of totalitarian control.
Chapter VIII. Who, Whom ? 76
Liberty and property.-Planning and the distribution of incomes-
Distributive justice-"Equality"-"Just" prices and "fair"
wages-The conflicting ideas about the appropriate status-Socialism
prepared the instruments of totalitarian control-" Middle-class "
socialism-The conflict between competing socialisms.
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Chapter IX. Security and Freedom 89
The two kinds of security-In a free society undeserved fíuctuations
of income are inevitable-Security of a certain economic status possible
only in a society organised on military lines-Economic security
guaranteed to somé increases insecurity for the rest-The significance
of the increasing demand for security.
Chapter X. Why the Worst Get on Top . . . .100
The morál effects of collectivism-The lowest common denominator
produces the largest homogeneous group-The particularist tendencies
inherent in socialism-The worship of power-The social ends justify
every means-Useful habits encouraged in the citizen of the totalitarian state-The selection of the leader.
Chapter XI. The End of Truti-i 114
The role of propaganda-People must be made to accept not only
the vaiues but alsó the views about facts underlying the plan-The new
values made acceptable by introducing them under the names of the
old-No field of knowledge can be left uncontrolled-Truth and freedom of thought.
Chapter XII. The Socialist Roots of Nazism . . .124
Socialist support completed the victory of the anti-iiberal íorces in
Germany-Sombart-Plenge-Lensch-Spengler and Moeller van den
Bruck-Socialism as the weapon against the liberal West.
Chapter XIII. The Totalitarians in our Midst . . 135
The spreading of Germán ideals-Historical realism more teutonico
-The totalitarianism of the scientists-The monopolist organisations
of capital-The monopolist organisations of labour.
Chapter XIV. Material Conditions and Ideál Ends . . 150
The economophobia of our generation-In a free society no single
purpose can be allowed permanently to dominate all others-not even
the abolition of unemployment-Realisation of most of our hopes
depends on rapid economic progress-The decline of English political
ideals.
Chapter XV. The Prospects of International Order . 163
The conflict between national planning and international order_
E)irection of economic activity on an international scale raises political
difficulties even greater than on a national scale-It would create conflicts of ideals which can be settled only by force-International
authority cannot be confined to economic matters-Need for a strong
but limited political power above the economic authorities-The meríts
of the federal principle-The Rule of Law in the international sphere
--The danger of being over-ambitious.
Conclusion .
Bibliographical Note .
Index
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