Metallurgy

Tartalom

CONTENTS
CHAPTER I
IRON
Page
Ores of Irón ----------- 1
The Metallurgy of Irón - - - -
The Blast-furnace ----------
Chemical Changes in the Blast-furnace " " 5
Pig-iron Fractures -------
Compositions of Pig-irons - _ - - 7
Cast Iron and Iron Castings ---------
Moulding Sands -----------10
Effect of Impurities on Cast Iron - - - - - - - -12
Phosphoric Cast Irons - - - - - - - - - -15
Sulphur in Cast Iron - -- -- -- -- -16
Annealing of Castings ----------16
Growth of Cast Iron - -- -- -- -- -16
Alloy Cast Irons: Nickel, Chromium - - - - - - -17
Malleable Cast Iron ----20
The Conversion of Pig-iron into Wrought Iron ----- 22
The Puddling or Pig-boiling Process - -- -- --23
Nature and Uses of Wrought Iron --------24
Other Kinds of Iron 25
CHAPTER II
STEEL-ITS MANUFACTURE, PROPERTIES,
AND USES
The Crucible Process ----------27
The Bessemer Process ----------28
Refractory Materials: Acid, Basic, and Neutral 29
The Acid Bessemer Process - - - - - - - - - 31
The Steels produced by the Acid Bessemer Process 33
American and Swedish Bessemer Practice - 33
The Basic Bessemer Process --34
Uses of Basic Bessemer Steel 36
The Siemens-Martin Open-hearth Process 36
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P«ge
The Acid Siemens Process 37
The Steels produced in Acid Open-hearth Furnaces 40
The Basic Siemens Process
The Steels made in the Basic Siemens Furnace 42
Swedish Open-hearth Furnace Practice 42
The Manufacture of Steel in the Electric Furnace 42
Basic Electric Furnace Practice 43
The Melting-down Period -------
Modifications of the Electric Process 46
The Steels produced in the Electric Furnace 47
Acid Electric Furnace Practice . 48
The High-frequency Electric Furnace - -- -- --48
Steel Ingots-Their Solidification and Associated Phenomena 49
Blow-holes 50
Pipe in Steel Ingots - -- -- -- -- -51
Influence of Shape of Mould on Pipe - -- -- --52
The Influence of Casting Temperature on the Properties of Steel Ingots - 54
Methods of Casting ---56
Slag Inclusions - -- -- -- -- --57
Cracks - -- -- -- -- -- - 57
Sulphur Prints - -- -- -- -- --58
Macro-etching - -- -- -- -- --58
The Hot-working of Steel 59
Forging - -- -- -- -- -- -60
Rolling - 61
Drop-forging - -- -- -- -- - - 62
CHAPTER III
THE CONSTITUTION OF METALLIC SYSTEMS
Solutions - -- -- -- -- -- -65
Thermal Phenomena pertaining to Solution ------ 67
Unsaturated, Saturated, and Supersaturated Solutions - ... 67
Mixtures of Liquids - -- -- -..-.68
Cooling Curves of Pure Metals and Alloys 71
Undereooling - -- -- -- 71
The Diagram of Thermal Equilibrium-Eutectics 72
The Structures of Pure Metals and Alloys 74
Eutectic Structures - - - . - _ . . . - 76
Other Equilibrium Diagrams - -- -- - - _ 77
Intermetallic Compounds 80
Peritectic Transformations - - - - - - . . - 81
Ternary Alloys - -- -- -- -- -- 84
Changes which occur during Cooling after Solidification is Complete - - 84
Allotropy
Recrystallization from Solid Solutions 87
CHAPTER IV
THE METALLOGRAPHY, HEAT-TREATMENT, AND
PROPERTIES OF IRON AND STEEL
Page
Preparation of Ferrous Specimens for Micro-examination 89
Properties of Iron .---------90
The Influence of Carbon on Iron --------90
The Iron-iron-carbide Equilibrium Diagram ------ 92
Influence of other Elements usually present in Steel: Manganese, Silicon,
Sulphur and Phosphorus - - - - - - - - 97
The Annealing of Steel 101
Faults in Annealing: Under-annealing, Over-annealing, Overheating and
Burning - -- -- -- -- -- 103
Normalizing - -- -- -- -- -- 106
Quenching, and its Effects on the Structure of Steel: Martensite, Troostite,
Sorbite - - - - 106
Effects of Tempering on Quenched or Hardened Steel - 109
Quenching Media - - - - - - - - - -111
Effect of Mass on Heat-treatment - - - - - - - -113
Heating - - - - - - - - - - - -116
Quenching - - - - - - - - - - - -117
Tempering - - - - - - - - - - - -118
CHAPTER V
" SPECIAL " STEELS AND OTHER FERROUS
ALLOYS
Chromium Steels 120
Nickel-iron Alloys: Invar, Permalloy, Mumetal ----- 123
Nickel Steels - - - -126
Nickel-chrome Steels - - - - - - - - - -129
Air-hardening Nickel-chrome Steels - - - - - - -135
Austenitic Nickel Steels - -136
Tungsten Steels ---------- - 137
Cobalt Steels - - - 138
Note on the Magnetization of Permanent Magnets - - - - - 140
Silicon Steels 140
Manganese Steels - -- -- -- -- - 141
Molybdenum and Vanadium Steels - 145
Tool Steels and their Treatments. High-speed Steels - 146
Faults in the Treatment of Tool Steels ------- 149
High-speed Steels - - - - - - - - - -151
Treatment of High-speed Steel - - - - - - - -154
The Hardening of High-speed Steel - - - - - - -156
Other Tungsten Alloys used for Tools - - - - ... -158
Case-hardening Steels - - - - - - - - - -158
Carburizing - - - - - - 160
Heat-treatment of Case-hardened Parts - - 162
First Quenching 162
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Second Quenching - "".%>/ " " " " í®^
Alternative Treatments of Case-hardened Parts 164
Causes of Failure in Case-hardened Parts 165
Alloy Case-hardening Steels 166
Nickel-chrome Case-hardening Steels - - - - - - 168
The Effect of Nitrogén on Steel, and the Case-hardening of Steel by
Nitrogén - -- -- -- -- --170
CHAPTER VI
stainless or rust-resisting steels
Corrosion - -- -- -- -- -- - 172
The Rusting of Iron and other Metals 173
Passivity - -- -- -- -- -- - 175
Stainless Steels - - - - - - - - - - -176
The Welding of Stainless Steel and Iron ------ 178
Influence of other Elements on the Properties of Stainless Steel and Iron:
Silicon, Nickel 179
The Influence of Temperature on the Properties of Steel - - - - 181
Heat-resisting Alloys - - - - - - - - - -181
Creep - - 184
The Cold-working of Metals 188
The Cold-working of Steel 191
Acid-cleaning or " Pickling" - - - - - - - -192
Influence of various Factors on the Cold-drawing of Steel - - - - 193
Influence of Tempering on the Properties of Cold-drawn Steels - - - 196
Effects of Annealing on the Properties of Cold-drawn Steels - - - 199
Defects in Cold-drawn Wire --------- 200
Cold-rolling 201
Cold-worked Alloy Steels 205
Note on the Investigation of Failures ------- 206
CHAPTER VII
non-ferrous engineering alloys
Copper and its Alloys ----_____. 209
The Properties of Copper - - - - - - . . - 211
Effect of Impurities - - - - - .. _ . . -211
Effect of Cuprous Oxidé - - - - . . _ _ - 212
Effect of Arsenic ------------ 213
Effects of other Impurities: Iron, Antimony, Phosphorus, Sulphur, Bismuth,
Tellunum, Silicon - - - - . . . . . . 214
Brasses - -- -- -- -- -- - 215
and fi Brasses: Muntz metál -------- 218
Annealing of a- j3 Brass --------- - 220
Season Cracking -----.___-. 222
Effects of other Elements on the Properties of the Brasses: Lead, Tin, Manganese, Nickel, Phosphorus, Arsenic, Antimony, Bismuth - - - 222
The Bronzes - -- -- ._.-- - 227
a Bronzes - -- -- -___--_ ooo
CONTENTS xv
Page
Gun-metal 230
Other Bronzes: a-S Bronzes, Lead-bronzes, Phosphor-bronzes, Silicon-bronze 232
Effect of other Elements on the Properties of Bronzé - 235
Other Alloys of Copper 235
Copper-nickel Alloys: Cupro-nickel, " Constantan Monel metál - - 235
Effects of Impurities on the Properties of the Copper-nickel Alloys - - 239
The Mechanical Properties of Copper Alloys at Elevated Temperatures - 239
Copper-nickel-zinc Alloys: Nickel-silver ------- 240
Alloys of Copper and Alumínium: Aluminium bronzé - 242
Alumínium and its Alloys --------- 245
Properties of Commercial Aluminium ------- 246
Alloys of Aluminium - -- -- -- -- - 248
Aluminium-copper Alloys - -- -- -- -- 249
Duralumin ----------- - 251
" Y " Alloy ------ 255
The" R.R." Alloys - - - 255
Aluminium-copper-zinc Alloys - -- -- -- - 257
Aluminium-silicon Alloys - -- -- -- -- 257
Alloys of Magnesium and Aluminium ------- 259
Miscellaneous Non-ferrous Metals and Alloys ------ 260
Nickel 260
Alloys of Nickel and Chromium: Nichromes ------ 262
Bearing Metals-White Metál " Anti-friction " Alloys - 263
White-metal Alloys 264
Solders and other Fusible Alloys - -- -- -- - 268
Note on the Preparation of Non-ferrous Micro-sections - 269
The Welding of Metals 270
Soldering 270
Brazing - -- -- -- -- -- - 271
Welding 271
The Welding of Iron and Steel 274
Welding of Copper and its Alloys ------- - 276
Welding of Aluminium and its Alloys ------- 277
INDEX
279

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